Exploring Wearable Technology and Lean Mass Alterations in GLP-1 Agonists, Bariatric Surgery, and Testosterone Replacement Therapy Commentary

Abstract

The obesity epidemic presents significant health challenges, accompanied by soaring healthcare costs. Interventions such as GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1s), bariatric surgery, and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) aim to improve body composition, primarily by reducing body fat. While GLP-1s and bariatric surgery effectively promote substantial weight loss, they frequently lead to significant reductions in lean body mass, raising concerns about metabolic health, physical function, and overall physiological well-being. Conversely, TRT demonstrates a unique ability to preserve and increase lean mass while simultaneously reducing fat, highlighting its potential role in body recomposition. However, the broader implications of these therapies remain underexplored due to a lack of real-world data on exercise, physical activity, and their impacts on vascular and cardiac function in human subjects. Wrist-worn wearable technology and noninvasive imaging present transformative opportunities, enabling continuous monitoring of metrics such as heart rate zones, physical activity levels, and cardiovascular imaging to ensure proper function. This commentary advocates for the integration of wearable devices and noninvasive imaging into research and clinical practice to optimize treatment protocols, prioritize muscle preservation, and advance personalized obesity management.