Exploring Implications of Hormonal Influences on Muscle Function and Training Performance Editorial

Abstract

Understanding the impact of menstrual cycle-related hormonal fluctuations on muscle function is critical for optimizing female strength and performance. Estrogen and progesterone influence neuromuscular efficiency, muscle contraction, and recovery, yet research findings remain inconsistent. Estrogen, particularly in the late follicular phase, enhances neuromuscular efficiency, force production, and recovery, while progesterone, dominant in the luteal phase, may contribute to increased fatigue and slower contraction velocities. These physiological variations suggest that periodized training based on menstrual cycle phases could improve strength, power, and recovery outcomes. High-intensity resistance training may be most effective in the follicular phase, whereas lower-intensity or recovery-focused sessions may be beneficial during the luteal phase. However, variability in individual responses highlights the need for personalized training strategies. Future research should incorporate precise hormonal profiling and neuromuscular assessments to refine evidence-based periodization models, ultimately supporting female athletes in maximizing performance and reducing injury risk.